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ground effect
Definição1
A condition of improved performance (lift) due to the interference of the surface with the airflow pattern of the rotor system when a helicopter or other VTOL aircraft is operating near the ground.
Fonte1
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION. International civil aviation vocabulary. 3rd ed. Montreal, 2007. (Doc. 9713)
Definição2
An increase in lift of an aerodynamic flying machine (airplane or helicopter) flying very near the ground. This additional lift is caused by an effective increase in angle of attack without the accompanying increase in induced drag and is caused by the deflectiion of the downwashed air. Ground effect disappears when the flying machine is about a half wing span of half rotor span above the surface.
Fonte2
CRANE, Dale (ed.). Dictionary of aeronautical terms. 2nd ed. Renton: ASA, 1991.
Definição3
Additional lift obtained when the helicopter is hovering within one rotor diameter of the ground due to increased air pressure below the rotor disc.
Fonte3
SCHAFER, Joe. Helicopter maintenance. Englewood: Jeppesen Sanderson, Inc., c2007. viii, 343 p.
Definição4
A usually beneficial influence on rotorcraft performance that occurs while flying close to the ground. It results from a reduction in upwash, downwash, and bladetip vortices, which provide a corresponding decrease in induced drag.
Fonte4
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Rotorcraft flying handbook (FAA-H-8083-21). Washington, DC: FAA, 2000. Disponível em: http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/media/faa-h-8083 -21.pdf. Acesso em: 10 fev. 2012.
Subárea1
Aerodynamics
Português
efeito solo
Imagem

 Air circulation patterns change when hovering out of ground effect (OGE) and when hovering in ground effect (IGE).

Air circulation patterns change when hovering out of ground effect (OGE) and when hovering in ground effect (IGE).

Fonte: https://faasafety.gov/files/gslac/FTB/Helicopter%20Aerodynamics/Fig3-5.JPG